Crysts, Blasts and Clasts - Large Particles in Rocks

Crysts, blasts and clasts are three simple words related to a very basic concept in geology: big particles in rocks. Actually, theyre pieces of words—suffixes—that are worth knowing about. They can be a little confusing, but a good geologist  can tell you the difference between all three.   Crysts The -cryst suffix refers to grains of a crystalline mineral. A -cryst can be a fully formed crystal like your typical garnet, or it can be an irregular grain that, even though its atoms are all in rigid order, has none of the flat faces that mark a crystal. The most important -crysts are the ones that are much larger than their neighbors; the general name for these is megacryst. As a practical matter, -cryst is used only with igneous rocks, although a crystal in metamorphic rocks may be called a metacryst. The most common -cryst youll see in the literature is the phenocryst. Phenocrysts sit in a groundmass of smaller grains like raisins in oatmeal. Phenocrysts are the defining feature of porphyritic texture; another way to say it is that phenocrysts are what define a porphyry. Phenocrysts generally consist of one of the same minerals found in the groundmass. (If they were brought into the rock from elsewhere, they may be called xenocrysts.) If theyre clean and solid inside, we may interpret them as being older, having crystallized earlier than the rest of the igneous rock. But some phenocrysts formed by growing around and engulfing other minerals (creating a texture called poikilitic), so in that case they werent the very first mineral to crystallize. Phenocrysts that have fully formed crystal faces are called euhedral (old papers may use the terms idiomorphic or automorphic). Phenocrysts with no crystal faces are called anhedral (or xenomorphic), and in-between phenocrysts are called subhedral (or hypidiomorphic or ​hypautomorphic). Blasts The -blast suffix refers to grains of metamorphic minerals; more precisely, -blastic means a rock texture that reflects the recrystallizing processes of metamorphism. Thats why we dont have a word megablast—both igneous and metamorphic rocks are said to have megacrysts. The various -blasts are described only in metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism produces mineral grains by crushing (clastic deformation) and squeezing (plastic deformation) as well as recrystallization (blastic deformation), so its important to make the distinction. A metamorphic rock made of -blasts of uniform size is called homeoblastic, but if megacrysts are also present it is called heteroblastic. The larger ones are usually called porphyroblasts (even though porphyry is strictly an igneous rock). So porphyroblasts are the metamorphic equivalent of phenocrysts. Porphyroblasts may be stretched out and erased as metamorphism continues. Some large mineral grains may resist for a while. These are commonly called augen (the German for eyes), and augen gneiss is a well-recognized rock type. Similar to -crysts, -blasts can display crystal faces in different degrees, but they are described with the words idioblastic, hypidioblastic and xenoblastic instead of euhedral or subhedral or anhedral. Grains inherited from an earlier generation of metamorphism are called paleoblasts; naturally, neoblasts are their younger counterpart. Clasts The suffix -clast refers to grains of sediment, that is, pieces of pre-existing rocks or minerals. Unlike -crysts and -blasts, the word clast can stand alone. Clastic rocks, then, are always sedimentary (one exception: a clast that is not yet wiped out in a metamorphic rock is called a porphyroclast, which, confusingly, is also classified as a megacryst). Theres a deep distinction drawn among clastic rocks between holoclastic rocks, like shale and sandstone, and pyroclastic rocks that form around volcanoes. Clastic rocks are made of particles ranging in size from microscopic to indefinitely large. The rocks with visible clasts are called macroclastic. Extra-large clasts are called phenoclasts—so phenoclasts, phenocrysts and porphyroblasts are cousins. Two sedimentary rocks have phenoclasts: conglomerate and breccia. The difference is that the phenoclasts in conglomerate (spheroclasts) are made by abrasion whereas those in breccia (anguclasts) are made by fracture. There is no upper limit to what can be called a ​clast, or megaclast. Breccias have the largest megaclasts, up to hundreds of meters across and larger. Megaclasts as big as mountains can be made by large landslides (olistrostromes), thrust faulting (chaoses), subduction (mà ©langes) and supervolcano caldera formation (caldera collapse breccias). Megaclasts are where sedimentology meets tectonics.

Swot Analysis The Matrix - 1371 Words

The TOWS matrix, below, utilizes the external opportunities and threats facing a company and matches them up to the internal strengths and weaknesses, to give the company four possible strategic alternatives (Hunger, Wheelen, 2011, p. 77). As discussed previously, a major concern for Starbucks is their need for growth in foreign markets, and their education of the foreign markets, needs wants and expectations. According to the TOWS matrix, an alternative Strength Opportunity (SO) Strategy is to utilize the company’s ethical values and mission to drive the company to educate the company and staff to become skilled on the new foreign market. Under the Weaknesses and Opportunities (WO) strategy, the company needs to utilize product innovation, in research and development to create healthier coffee options to attract emerging markets and to retain health conscientious U.S. customers. In the Strengths and Threats (ST) alternative strategies Starbucks needs to be conscientious to continually enhance the â€Å"Starbucks Experience† to remain â€Å"trendy, so customers continually have a new unique experience when patronizing their stores. Internal Factors (IFAS) External Factors (EFAS) Strengths (S) †¢ Global Brand Recognition †¢ Strong Relationship with Suppliers †¢ Operating Efficiency and Strong Growth †¢ Commitment to Social Responsibility †¢ Starbucks Experience †¢ Ethical Values and Mission Weaknesses (W) †¢ Dependence on Suppliers †¢ Overdependence on U.S. Market-financially †¢Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis : Bcg Matrix1565 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning Techniques Below is a description of two planning techniques. The first one is BCG matrix followed by SPACE matrix. 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First Great Awakening Free Essays

string(62) " over 120 pieces of literature which many can still be found\." Revival history is an interesting topic and one that can be explored at great depths. Revivals of the past, if looked at through the right lens, can awaken hope and desire for God to move again, even in the darkest times. Revivals show us that God is still very much active and interested in His people. We will write a custom essay sample on First Great Awakening or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Father desires that we would know Him as a real Person and who loves to make Himself known through His Son Jesus. I wrote my paper on the First Great Awakening mainly because I am from New England and I have a passion to see the church set ablaze again in that area.The heritage is so rich in that land and I believe that the Lord would love to encounter His people again with a great spiritual awakening. Below, I will go over the Great Awakening in detail discussing the dates, location, key leaders, scope of impact, main features, main message, controversial aspects, principles learned, and our application for today. The First Great Awakening was a religious revitalization movement that took place in the northeast, mainly in the New England area.The Great Awakening spread throughout the colonies on the eastern seaboard. The dates of when the First Great Awakening began vary due to the opinion of the chosen historian. Most say that the dates begin somewhere in the early 1700’s – 1740’s. The earliest stirrings of revival were recorded in the 1730’s in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The next noticeable move of God was in Northampton, Mass around 1734 – 36. The final thrust of awakening took place   in the 1740s with the arrival of the powerful orator and itinerant speaker, George Whitefield.A contributor to the National Humanities Center validates these claims by informing, â€Å"The earliest manifestations of the American phase of this phenomenon—the beginnings of the First Great Awakening—appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Led by the Tennent family—Reverend William Tennent, a Scots-Irish immigrant, and his four sons, all clergymen—the Presbyterians not only initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 1730s but also established a seminary to train clergymen whose fervid, heartfelt preaching would bring sinners to experience evangelical conversion.Originally known as â€Å"the Log College,† it is better known today as Princeton University. †1 When looking historically at the Great Awakening, many may not recognize that the hand of the Lord was already starting to awaken hunger for revitalization of religion before the man Jonathan Edwards came on the scene. While serving as the new local congregational minister of a Northampton church, Jonathan Edwards noticed the spiritual dullness and condition of the town. He wrote this quote: â€Å"Just after my grandfather’s death, it seemed to be a time of extraordinary dullness in religion. Licentiousness for some years prevailed among the youth of the town; they were many of them very much addicted to night-walking, and frequenting the tavern and lewd practices, wherein some, by their example, exceedingly corrupted others. † 2 Afterward, Jonathan was moved to the point of calling the young people to gather into small groups to join for prayer and a time of discussion. The next recognized stirrings began in December 1734 of Northampton, Massachusetts. Two well known young people died in the town and the population began to become concerned with death, life after death, eternity and other spiritual matters.In this stirring context, Edwards began preaching a teaching series on Justification by faith alone. It was at this point that six young people were converted. One of whom was a young girl who was said to be known by many young men in the town, meaning she was very immoral. The town of Northampton was shaken to its very core and three hundred more conversions took place following the initial 6. With the entire town boasting 1,100 people, this equates to 25% of the population getting saved. About a year later in 1736, the town went back to normal mainly due to the suicide of Jonathan Edward’s uncle.The next wave of revival to hit New England was in 1740 upon the revival of George Whitefield. He was another key figure and leader during this great spiritual awakening and stirring. George at one point spoke to 30,000 people in England. The night before he died he saw that 2,000 people had gathered out his home so he went to his balcony and preached on the excellencies of Christ. The key leaders of the Great Awakening as mentioned previously were Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan   Edwards and George Whitefield. Gilbert Tennent was born in 1703 in Ireland and was the son of William Tennent.Gilbert had immigrated to the United States in 1718 and lived in Pennsylvania. After wrestling over his salvation during his teen years he was converted at 20 years old in 1723. It was only three years later that he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. Tennet was a stirring speaker and from his sermons he led many into a conversion experience. In 1739 Gilbert met George Whitefield and went on tour with him throughout New England. They both shared a great passion for revival. While on tour Gilbert introduced George to many different ministers which aided in making the tour a great success.When George returned to England, Tennet continued on with preaching throughout New England and from these speaking engagements little revivals sparked. The revivals in New England were scattered but aided in creating what we now call â€Å"The Great Awakening†. Jonathan Edwards, a native to the New England area was born in East Windsor, Connecticut on October 5, 1703. Jonathan grew up as the only son out of 11 children. From a young age he lived a life of prayer and study in the word. He also studied many topics and was one of the most brilliant minds to be produced on American soil.Edward’s didn’t have his actual conversion experience until January 12, 1723. Jonathan studied the bible 13 – 14 hours a day and wrote over 120 pieces of literature which many can still be found. You read "First Great Awakening" in category "Papers" Edward’s was bold in his proclamation of the truth and didn’t not shy away from it even when it was uncomfortable for the people. Edward’s desire for doctrinal purity is admirable and the dedication and devotion given to it is worth reduplicating. George Whitefield was born on December 16, 1714 in Gloucester England. George was the youngest of seven children. He was not raised in a Christian home but rather one that was dysfunctional. His father passes away when he was at the mere age of two. His mother did eventually remarry but it was indicated that the marriage was not peaceful. In 1733 Whitefield met the infamous ‘Wesley brothers† while studying at Pembroke College in Oxford. John and Charles Wesley at that time were leading what is known as the Holy Clubs and before Whitefield even had his conversion experience he was apart of the holy clubs for 3 years. The schedule was one that was very rigors and it must have been the hand of the Lord to keep him enough content to stay.It took a very serious illness to confront him on his internal state while in England. Whitefield’s accomplishments are quite amazing he pioneered open air, square and field meetings. The church walls were filled to beyond capacity and thousands had to be turned away from hearing him. The scope of impact of the great awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over it had spread throughout the colonies of the eastern seaboard. The revival had great impact on the church and saw 1000’s of sinners saved.The revival did more than effect the spiritual climate it also had an impact on the social and governmental levels. A contributor from a website dedicated to the Great Awakening gives more details on the scope of impact â€Å"The effect of Great Awakening unity was an attitude that went against the deferential thinking that consumed English politics and religion. Rather than believing that God’s will was necessarily interpreted by the monarch or his bishops, the colonists viewed themselves as more capable of performing the task. The chain of authority no longer ran from God to ruler to people, but from God to people to ruler.The children of revivalism later echoed this radicalism and popular self-righteousness in the American Revolution, when self-assertion turned against the tyrannical ways of George III. It was not to any church that the signers of the Declaration of Independence appealed to, but directly to the â€Å"Supreme Judge of the World†. It was through the revivalism of the first half of the Eighteenth Century that the colonists were finally able to step out from under the protectorate of the established Christian churches and assert religious control over their own nation’s destiny. In other words the Colonists realized that religious freedom and power rested in their own hands and not in the church of Englan d anymore. Some of the main features of the Great Awakening were men and women turning away from religious apathy and turning back to their puritan roots. Others who were not saved were being confronted with their need for a savior and the reality of eternity. Upon and from the arrival of George Whitefield in 1740 to Northampton Massachusetts where Edward’s resided the awakening spread wherever George went as he was an itinerant speaker who spoke mainly in open fields.One of the most famous messages was preached on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut titled â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†. The revival was titled the â€Å"Great Awakening† with good reason as it was a movement of religious revitalization within and outside of the church. The people of the towns had an understanding of faith as they or their father’s had come from England to have freedom of expression in their worship. But they had turned apathetic especially with the entrance of the Half Way Covenant.Essentially people who were baptized and lived half way decent lives but made no public confession of Christ were allowed to bring their children in to be baptized which led to people who did not profess to being Christians partaking of the Lord’s Supper. This over time created a church that was disconnected from their state of desperation and need for a savior to save them from their sin. The main message was about justification by faith. Men and women were cut to the heart as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield spoke to them the word God.They could not be saved by works alone but it must be an inner working of the heart and faith in Jesus Christ alone. The preachers were calling them up higher from just a Sunday morning church goer mentality. One of the main controversial aspects of the Great Awakening was the phenomena that took place during some of the services. Much opposition was stirred among conservative congregational ministers so Edwards wrote in defense â€Å"The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God† dealing with much of the bodily affects. He noted that these bodily affects were not necessarily a work of the spirit which forced him to write another apology in 1742 called â€Å"Thoughts on Revival in New England† noting the great moral improvement. Another one of the controversies which is still around to this day is the called the Old Lights and New Lights. The New Lights were those congregants who had a new light or perspective on sin and atonement. They were also those who also felt that the revival was from the Lord and that they would be able to continue in that kind of environment.The old lights were ones that did not like or enjoy change but wanted to keep things the way that they were. They were skeptical of the revival and depending upon which branch of the denomination they were from they took a stance with their view point. The old lights were also apprehensive because they were afraid that the new lights would act in rebellion and that they may possibly be a threat to authority. 1http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken. htm  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   2Edwards,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jonathan. A   Ã‚  Ã‚   Narrative of Surprising Conversions. Wilmington, DE: Sovereign Grace Publ. , 1972. Print. How to cite First Great Awakening, Papers

New Product Development and Project Management

Question: You are required to include a summary personal reflective element in this report (500 words)that will discuss your development in the key skills areas, including communication, numeracy, ICT, problem solving and working with others? Answer: Introduction - New Product Development at Kellogg The Kellogg Company is the second largest snack food company established in 1906 by Will Keith Kellogg with operation and production in 18 countries including UK and products sold in more than 180 countries across the globe. Kellogg is the market leader in health and nutrition food processing industry with brands like Corn Flakes, Froot Loops, Frosted Flakes, Rice Krispies, Keebler that divided into five distinct verticals namely Cereal, Toaster Pastries, Biscuits, Bars, Crisps and Fruit Flavored snacks(Kelloggs.co.uk). The current report explores the new product development in the Crisps vertical with Special k evaluating the project management tools used by the company in developing this new product and marketing the same with the right marketing mix to attract the target customer in the market segmented for the product. The current competitive business environment that is changing rapidly with advancement of technology and innovation makes it difficult for the company like Kellogg to forecast the future consumer trend based on the taste and preferences, the competitors strategy and the marketing condition. The company has to consider these vital factors in the process of creating new products. Further the company needs to make investment decision analysis based on the future returns that involves risk analysis. Project management tool The new product development (NPD) process is one of the core activities of the company that comprises of developing a product and testing the product to identify the viability of the products to launch the product successfully (Leonard, 1992). The various stages of new product development are Idea Generation Idea Screening Concept development and testing Business Analysis Market Testing Technical Implementation Commercialization New Product Pricing [Source www.npd.com] Idea Generation Idea generation is the regular activity of the research and development wing of the company to collect customer feedback and latent need of the customer and evaluate them to identify the viability of the idea (Rochford, Rudelius, 1997). The other tool used is the SWOT Analysis and Opportunity analysis and brainstorming with employees, sales team, trade shows and focus group. Idea Screening The object of idea screening is to evaluate the unviable concepts so that it can be eliminated before proceeding further so that resources of the company are not wasted in developing a wrong idea. It involves questions like Will the Customer in the target market accept the product? What is the size and growth potential of the market? Will the new product development increase the profit of the company? Is it technically feasible to produce the product? Concept development and testing This is third stage of NPD that imvolve the consumers and takes the feedback about the proposed product so that it can be rectified before the actual launch of the product. It helps in adding customer feedback in improving the product for better acceptance. Business Analysis It deals with market size, product positioning and sales, market share and profit margin of the product. It also designs the marketing mix and marketing budget strategy for the new product. Market testing This is related with launching the actual product in certain selected market to understand the actual performance based on the proposed marketing plan (Ernst, Hoyer, Rbsaamen, 2010). The trade show is explored for testing the product by most of the company. Technical implementation This is concerned with the resource estimation, publishing technical communication related with the product, operational planning and department scheduling and supplier and supply chain planning and developing a contingency plan. Commercialization This is related with the product launch supported by external communication and planning the distribution channel and evaluating the critical path. New product pricing This dealt in the marketing mix of the company that follows. Kelloggs marketing mix The company Kellogg is the leading producer of cereal products and convenience foods related with cereals, toaster pastries, biscuits, bars, crisps and fruit flavored snacks with popular brands like Corn flakes, Nutri-Grain and Rice Krispies and company is concerned about the brand image and develop products that can maximize the shareholders value and satisfy the customers (Borden, 1964). In this process of new product development the company evaluates the marketing mix that explains the 4Ps Products Price Place Promotion Product This evaluates the features and benefit of the product in fulfilling the needs and wants of the customers. The growing concern of customers for healthy foods and healthier lifestyles provides huge scope for Kellogg to develop new products to satisfy these growing needs of customers. The product Special K is developed to meet this. [Source: www.killoggproduct.com] Special K The product Special K is a multi grain flake that has ingredients like rice, wheat and 6 essential vitamin B, C, D and Iron and less that 3% fat. It is developed with 10 different flavors in three different forms namely breakfast cereals, sweet snacks and savoury crisps (Kelloggs.co.uk). It combines delicious taste with good health. Price The second crucial factor that determines the success of the new products in the market is the pricing strategy (Van et al., 1992). Kellogg is perceived by the customer as a great brand with quality products that helps the company to design a premium pricing for the product Special K. Place The place plays a major role in making the product a success in the market. If the consumer product is not available in the place where customers go for purchasing the products like Supermarkets and malls then it will be a lost opportunity for the company. The company ensures the new product Special K is made available in various retail outlet across UK. Promotion The information about the new product has to reach the target customers to make the product a success (Yoo et al., 2000). The company explores the external communication with the ATL and BTL advertisements in Television, on-pack promotion and personal selling. Product Life cycle Every new product developed by the company has to follow the life cycle of the product that signifies four stages namely introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The marketing manager has to take strategic decision to make rigt change to the core products by evaluating the the position of the product in the life cycle (Hayes Wheelwright,1979). The product special K developed by the company fulfills the current need of the customer in the food and snacks space and the company identified scope to expand the life of the product by revitalizing the product with additional advertisement to extend the growth phase and delay the maturity phase. After designing the marketing mix and evaluating the product life cycle of the new product Special K the company designs the STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning). STP for Kellogg New Product The STP is a strategic project management tool explored by the company to identity the right segment for the company to launch the product and target the customer to sell the product. It further enhances the market share in the target segment with right positioning of the product (Moskowitz Hartmann, 2008). In the current project Kellogg needs to identify the market for its product special K that is launched in 10 different flavors in three different forms namely breakfast cereals, sweet snacks and savoury crisps. The three component of STP are explained below: Segmentation Targeting Positioning Segmentation This is project management tool that helps the marketing manager to divide the customers into groups based on demography, geography and other characteristics factors that can be the potential customer for the new products of the company (Deisingh Badrie, 2005). The market segmentation helps the promotional strategy to more focused and reach the target customer in the choosen segment with single message. It comprises of two fold activity namely Identifying and dividing customers into homogenous groups know as segments. Deciding the right segment to target for the new products of the company. In case of Kellogg the new product is Special K that is healthy breakfast cereal that can be need of the health conscious customers who prefer healthy breakfast in the morning. The benefits of segmentation are gaining competitive advantage with proper communication strategy highlighting the product differentiation strategy. It is not only an effective strategy to distinguish the product Special K from competitors but also helps in making one product stand out from others. Targeting (Target Market) After the segmentation is executed the next step is identifying the target market from the defined segment to market the product. The company can either market the product to the entire market segment or select one or more target market based on the financial capacity and features and benefit of the products (Deisingh Badrie, 2005). The current product of Kellogg Special K is breakfast product that can fulfill the need of customers wanting to have a healthy breakfast every morning. Therefore the target market for the product is based on lifestyle and age factor. It is basically customers who practice healthy lifestyle and comprise the age group of 18 to 35. The company will now market the product to this target segment. Positioning This is last component of the STP strategy that deals with the positioning of the product to capture the target market successfully and reaching the maximum customers. Reflective Statement I got an opportunity to gain an in-depth understanding of the business strategy and the project management tool used by Kellogg by doing this project. I observed the company developed the new product with help of the new product development (NPD) strategy that explained the seven stages namely idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, business analysis, market testing, technical implementation, commercialization and new product pricing. The company further used the marketing tool of marketing mix that highlighted the product, price, place and promotion strategy that was used. I found the marketing mix helped the company to reach the customers identified with the help of the STP (Segmentation, targeting and positioning) for the new product Special K that is cereal for breakfast providing healthy life style. I observed that the NPD strategy had helped the company to identify the need for developing a product that fulfills the taste bud and health need of the customers who want to have a healthy breakfast. I found it interesting how the company priced and promoted this product and made it available at the right place like super markets and malls where the customer search for such products. Similarly the promotional and communication exploring the ICT (Information and communication technology) of electronic and ecommerce media to reach the target customer was something I got fascinated with. It effectively used the ATL (above the line) and BTL (below the line) advertising in the television, health magazine and sampling and on-pack. I found developing of the marketing budget another interesting part of the learning from this project. It was numeracy that started with the development of the idea involving a number of brainstorming decision and RD conducting product survey, customer survey an d need analysis and designing and developing the product that was all part of the production and product development budget. Once the product reached the test market stage the marketing expenditure started with awareness campaigning for the new product. It was followed by the product information that explained the product features and product benefits to the target customer both in the ATL and BTL advertisement. I found the company need not stop with advertisement alone but it participated in many trade shows and events to promote the product Special K and reach the customers. I found the company well utilized the marketing budget in various external communication like advertisement, promotion and events to create the hype in the market for the product to give the right launch. My personal learning enhanced with the execution of this project that helped to improve my communication in the course of the project and helped me to understand the numeracy and use the ICT in evaluating data related with the project. It also helped to enhance my problem solving skill in the process of executing the project based on the learning and how the project management team handled various issues in the process of launching the product. References Borden, N. H. (1964). The concept of the marketing mix.Journal of advertising research,4(2), 2-7. Deisingh, A. K., Badrie, N. (2005). Detection approaches for genetically modified organisms in foods.Food Research International,38(6), 639-649. Ernst, H., Hoyer, W. D., Rbsaamen, C. (2010). 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