Crysts, Blasts and Clasts - Large Particles in Rocks

Crysts, blasts and clasts are three simple words related to a very basic concept in geology: big particles in rocks. Actually, theyre pieces of words—suffixes—that are worth knowing about. They can be a little confusing, but a good geologist  can tell you the difference between all three.   Crysts The -cryst suffix refers to grains of a crystalline mineral. A -cryst can be a fully formed crystal like your typical garnet, or it can be an irregular grain that, even though its atoms are all in rigid order, has none of the flat faces that mark a crystal. The most important -crysts are the ones that are much larger than their neighbors; the general name for these is megacryst. As a practical matter, -cryst is used only with igneous rocks, although a crystal in metamorphic rocks may be called a metacryst. The most common -cryst youll see in the literature is the phenocryst. Phenocrysts sit in a groundmass of smaller grains like raisins in oatmeal. Phenocrysts are the defining feature of porphyritic texture; another way to say it is that phenocrysts are what define a porphyry. Phenocrysts generally consist of one of the same minerals found in the groundmass. (If they were brought into the rock from elsewhere, they may be called xenocrysts.) If theyre clean and solid inside, we may interpret them as being older, having crystallized earlier than the rest of the igneous rock. But some phenocrysts formed by growing around and engulfing other minerals (creating a texture called poikilitic), so in that case they werent the very first mineral to crystallize. Phenocrysts that have fully formed crystal faces are called euhedral (old papers may use the terms idiomorphic or automorphic). Phenocrysts with no crystal faces are called anhedral (or xenomorphic), and in-between phenocrysts are called subhedral (or hypidiomorphic or ​hypautomorphic). Blasts The -blast suffix refers to grains of metamorphic minerals; more precisely, -blastic means a rock texture that reflects the recrystallizing processes of metamorphism. Thats why we dont have a word megablast—both igneous and metamorphic rocks are said to have megacrysts. The various -blasts are described only in metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism produces mineral grains by crushing (clastic deformation) and squeezing (plastic deformation) as well as recrystallization (blastic deformation), so its important to make the distinction. A metamorphic rock made of -blasts of uniform size is called homeoblastic, but if megacrysts are also present it is called heteroblastic. The larger ones are usually called porphyroblasts (even though porphyry is strictly an igneous rock). So porphyroblasts are the metamorphic equivalent of phenocrysts. Porphyroblasts may be stretched out and erased as metamorphism continues. Some large mineral grains may resist for a while. These are commonly called augen (the German for eyes), and augen gneiss is a well-recognized rock type. Similar to -crysts, -blasts can display crystal faces in different degrees, but they are described with the words idioblastic, hypidioblastic and xenoblastic instead of euhedral or subhedral or anhedral. Grains inherited from an earlier generation of metamorphism are called paleoblasts; naturally, neoblasts are their younger counterpart. Clasts The suffix -clast refers to grains of sediment, that is, pieces of pre-existing rocks or minerals. Unlike -crysts and -blasts, the word clast can stand alone. Clastic rocks, then, are always sedimentary (one exception: a clast that is not yet wiped out in a metamorphic rock is called a porphyroclast, which, confusingly, is also classified as a megacryst). Theres a deep distinction drawn among clastic rocks between holoclastic rocks, like shale and sandstone, and pyroclastic rocks that form around volcanoes. Clastic rocks are made of particles ranging in size from microscopic to indefinitely large. The rocks with visible clasts are called macroclastic. Extra-large clasts are called phenoclasts—so phenoclasts, phenocrysts and porphyroblasts are cousins. Two sedimentary rocks have phenoclasts: conglomerate and breccia. The difference is that the phenoclasts in conglomerate (spheroclasts) are made by abrasion whereas those in breccia (anguclasts) are made by fracture. There is no upper limit to what can be called a ​clast, or megaclast. Breccias have the largest megaclasts, up to hundreds of meters across and larger. Megaclasts as big as mountains can be made by large landslides (olistrostromes), thrust faulting (chaoses), subduction (mà ©langes) and supervolcano caldera formation (caldera collapse breccias). Megaclasts are where sedimentology meets tectonics.

Swot Analysis The Matrix - 1371 Words

The TOWS matrix, below, utilizes the external opportunities and threats facing a company and matches them up to the internal strengths and weaknesses, to give the company four possible strategic alternatives (Hunger, Wheelen, 2011, p. 77). As discussed previously, a major concern for Starbucks is their need for growth in foreign markets, and their education of the foreign markets, needs wants and expectations. According to the TOWS matrix, an alternative Strength Opportunity (SO) Strategy is to utilize the company’s ethical values and mission to drive the company to educate the company and staff to become skilled on the new foreign market. Under the Weaknesses and Opportunities (WO) strategy, the company needs to utilize product innovation, in research and development to create healthier coffee options to attract emerging markets and to retain health conscientious U.S. customers. In the Strengths and Threats (ST) alternative strategies Starbucks needs to be conscientious to continually enhance the â€Å"Starbucks Experience† to remain â€Å"trendy, so customers continually have a new unique experience when patronizing their stores. Internal Factors (IFAS) External Factors (EFAS) Strengths (S) †¢ Global Brand Recognition †¢ Strong Relationship with Suppliers †¢ Operating Efficiency and Strong Growth †¢ Commitment to Social Responsibility †¢ Starbucks Experience †¢ Ethical Values and Mission Weaknesses (W) †¢ Dependence on Suppliers †¢ Overdependence on U.S. Market-financially †¢Show MoreRelatedSwot Analysis : Bcg Matrix1565 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning Techniques Below is a description of two planning techniques. The first one is BCG matrix followed by SPACE matrix. 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First Great Awakening Free Essays

string(62) " over 120 pieces of literature which many can still be found\." Revival history is an interesting topic and one that can be explored at great depths. Revivals of the past, if looked at through the right lens, can awaken hope and desire for God to move again, even in the darkest times. Revivals show us that God is still very much active and interested in His people. We will write a custom essay sample on First Great Awakening or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Father desires that we would know Him as a real Person and who loves to make Himself known through His Son Jesus. I wrote my paper on the First Great Awakening mainly because I am from New England and I have a passion to see the church set ablaze again in that area.The heritage is so rich in that land and I believe that the Lord would love to encounter His people again with a great spiritual awakening. Below, I will go over the Great Awakening in detail discussing the dates, location, key leaders, scope of impact, main features, main message, controversial aspects, principles learned, and our application for today. The First Great Awakening was a religious revitalization movement that took place in the northeast, mainly in the New England area.The Great Awakening spread throughout the colonies on the eastern seaboard. The dates of when the First Great Awakening began vary due to the opinion of the chosen historian. Most say that the dates begin somewhere in the early 1700’s – 1740’s. The earliest stirrings of revival were recorded in the 1730’s in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The next noticeable move of God was in Northampton, Mass around 1734 – 36. The final thrust of awakening took place   in the 1740s with the arrival of the powerful orator and itinerant speaker, George Whitefield.A contributor to the National Humanities Center validates these claims by informing, â€Å"The earliest manifestations of the American phase of this phenomenon—the beginnings of the First Great Awakening—appeared among Presbyterians in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Led by the Tennent family—Reverend William Tennent, a Scots-Irish immigrant, and his four sons, all clergymen—the Presbyterians not only initiated religious revivals in those colonies during the 1730s but also established a seminary to train clergymen whose fervid, heartfelt preaching would bring sinners to experience evangelical conversion.Originally known as â€Å"the Log College,† it is better known today as Princeton University. †1 When looking historically at the Great Awakening, many may not recognize that the hand of the Lord was already starting to awaken hunger for revitalization of religion before the man Jonathan Edwards came on the scene. While serving as the new local congregational minister of a Northampton church, Jonathan Edwards noticed the spiritual dullness and condition of the town. He wrote this quote: â€Å"Just after my grandfather’s death, it seemed to be a time of extraordinary dullness in religion. Licentiousness for some years prevailed among the youth of the town; they were many of them very much addicted to night-walking, and frequenting the tavern and lewd practices, wherein some, by their example, exceedingly corrupted others. † 2 Afterward, Jonathan was moved to the point of calling the young people to gather into small groups to join for prayer and a time of discussion. The next recognized stirrings began in December 1734 of Northampton, Massachusetts. Two well known young people died in the town and the population began to become concerned with death, life after death, eternity and other spiritual matters.In this stirring context, Edwards began preaching a teaching series on Justification by faith alone. It was at this point that six young people were converted. One of whom was a young girl who was said to be known by many young men in the town, meaning she was very immoral. The town of Northampton was shaken to its very core and three hundred more conversions took place following the initial 6. With the entire town boasting 1,100 people, this equates to 25% of the population getting saved. About a year later in 1736, the town went back to normal mainly due to the suicide of Jonathan Edward’s uncle.The next wave of revival to hit New England was in 1740 upon the revival of George Whitefield. He was another key figure and leader during this great spiritual awakening and stirring. George at one point spoke to 30,000 people in England. The night before he died he saw that 2,000 people had gathered out his home so he went to his balcony and preached on the excellencies of Christ. The key leaders of the Great Awakening as mentioned previously were Gilbert Tennent, Jonathan   Edwards and George Whitefield. Gilbert Tennent was born in 1703 in Ireland and was the son of William Tennent.Gilbert had immigrated to the United States in 1718 and lived in Pennsylvania. After wrestling over his salvation during his teen years he was converted at 20 years old in 1723. It was only three years later that he was ordained as a Presbyterian minister. Tennet was a stirring speaker and from his sermons he led many into a conversion experience. In 1739 Gilbert met George Whitefield and went on tour with him throughout New England. They both shared a great passion for revival. While on tour Gilbert introduced George to many different ministers which aided in making the tour a great success.When George returned to England, Tennet continued on with preaching throughout New England and from these speaking engagements little revivals sparked. The revivals in New England were scattered but aided in creating what we now call â€Å"The Great Awakening†. Jonathan Edwards, a native to the New England area was born in East Windsor, Connecticut on October 5, 1703. Jonathan grew up as the only son out of 11 children. From a young age he lived a life of prayer and study in the word. He also studied many topics and was one of the most brilliant minds to be produced on American soil.Edward’s didn’t have his actual conversion experience until January 12, 1723. Jonathan studied the bible 13 – 14 hours a day and wrote over 120 pieces of literature which many can still be found. You read "First Great Awakening" in category "Papers" Edward’s was bold in his proclamation of the truth and didn’t not shy away from it even when it was uncomfortable for the people. Edward’s desire for doctrinal purity is admirable and the dedication and devotion given to it is worth reduplicating. George Whitefield was born on December 16, 1714 in Gloucester England. George was the youngest of seven children. He was not raised in a Christian home but rather one that was dysfunctional. His father passes away when he was at the mere age of two. His mother did eventually remarry but it was indicated that the marriage was not peaceful. In 1733 Whitefield met the infamous ‘Wesley brothers† while studying at Pembroke College in Oxford. John and Charles Wesley at that time were leading what is known as the Holy Clubs and before Whitefield even had his conversion experience he was apart of the holy clubs for 3 years. The schedule was one that was very rigors and it must have been the hand of the Lord to keep him enough content to stay.It took a very serious illness to confront him on his internal state while in England. Whitefield’s accomplishments are quite amazing he pioneered open air, square and field meetings. The church walls were filled to beyond capacity and thousands had to be turned away from hearing him. The scope of impact of the great awakening was a watershed event in the life of the American people. Before it was over it had spread throughout the colonies of the eastern seaboard. The revival had great impact on the church and saw 1000’s of sinners saved.The revival did more than effect the spiritual climate it also had an impact on the social and governmental levels. A contributor from a website dedicated to the Great Awakening gives more details on the scope of impact â€Å"The effect of Great Awakening unity was an attitude that went against the deferential thinking that consumed English politics and religion. Rather than believing that God’s will was necessarily interpreted by the monarch or his bishops, the colonists viewed themselves as more capable of performing the task. The chain of authority no longer ran from God to ruler to people, but from God to people to ruler.The children of revivalism later echoed this radicalism and popular self-righteousness in the American Revolution, when self-assertion turned against the tyrannical ways of George III. It was not to any church that the signers of the Declaration of Independence appealed to, but directly to the â€Å"Supreme Judge of the World†. It was through the revivalism of the first half of the Eighteenth Century that the colonists were finally able to step out from under the protectorate of the established Christian churches and assert religious control over their own nation’s destiny. In other words the Colonists realized that religious freedom and power rested in their own hands and not in the church of Englan d anymore. Some of the main features of the Great Awakening were men and women turning away from religious apathy and turning back to their puritan roots. Others who were not saved were being confronted with their need for a savior and the reality of eternity. Upon and from the arrival of George Whitefield in 1740 to Northampton Massachusetts where Edward’s resided the awakening spread wherever George went as he was an itinerant speaker who spoke mainly in open fields.One of the most famous messages was preached on July 8, 1741 in Enfield, Connecticut titled â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God†. The revival was titled the â€Å"Great Awakening† with good reason as it was a movement of religious revitalization within and outside of the church. The people of the towns had an understanding of faith as they or their father’s had come from England to have freedom of expression in their worship. But they had turned apathetic especially with the entrance of the Half Way Covenant.Essentially people who were baptized and lived half way decent lives but made no public confession of Christ were allowed to bring their children in to be baptized which led to people who did not profess to being Christians partaking of the Lord’s Supper. This over time created a church that was disconnected from their state of desperation and need for a savior to save them from their sin. The main message was about justification by faith. Men and women were cut to the heart as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield spoke to them the word God.They could not be saved by works alone but it must be an inner working of the heart and faith in Jesus Christ alone. The preachers were calling them up higher from just a Sunday morning church goer mentality. One of the main controversial aspects of the Great Awakening was the phenomena that took place during some of the services. Much opposition was stirred among conservative congregational ministers so Edwards wrote in defense â€Å"The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God† dealing with much of the bodily affects. He noted that these bodily affects were not necessarily a work of the spirit which forced him to write another apology in 1742 called â€Å"Thoughts on Revival in New England† noting the great moral improvement. Another one of the controversies which is still around to this day is the called the Old Lights and New Lights. The New Lights were those congregants who had a new light or perspective on sin and atonement. They were also those who also felt that the revival was from the Lord and that they would be able to continue in that kind of environment.The old lights were ones that did not like or enjoy change but wanted to keep things the way that they were. They were skeptical of the revival and depending upon which branch of the denomination they were from they took a stance with their view point. The old lights were also apprehensive because they were afraid that the new lights would act in rebellion and that they may possibly be a threat to authority. 1http://nationalhumanitiescenter. org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/grawaken. htm  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   2Edwards,   Ã‚  Ã‚   Jonathan. A   Ã‚  Ã‚   Narrative of Surprising Conversions. Wilmington, DE: Sovereign Grace Publ. , 1972. Print. How to cite First Great Awakening, Papers

New Product Development and Project Management

Question: You are required to include a summary personal reflective element in this report (500 words)that will discuss your development in the key skills areas, including communication, numeracy, ICT, problem solving and working with others? Answer: Introduction - New Product Development at Kellogg The Kellogg Company is the second largest snack food company established in 1906 by Will Keith Kellogg with operation and production in 18 countries including UK and products sold in more than 180 countries across the globe. Kellogg is the market leader in health and nutrition food processing industry with brands like Corn Flakes, Froot Loops, Frosted Flakes, Rice Krispies, Keebler that divided into five distinct verticals namely Cereal, Toaster Pastries, Biscuits, Bars, Crisps and Fruit Flavored snacks(Kelloggs.co.uk). The current report explores the new product development in the Crisps vertical with Special k evaluating the project management tools used by the company in developing this new product and marketing the same with the right marketing mix to attract the target customer in the market segmented for the product. The current competitive business environment that is changing rapidly with advancement of technology and innovation makes it difficult for the company like Kellogg to forecast the future consumer trend based on the taste and preferences, the competitors strategy and the marketing condition. The company has to consider these vital factors in the process of creating new products. Further the company needs to make investment decision analysis based on the future returns that involves risk analysis. Project management tool The new product development (NPD) process is one of the core activities of the company that comprises of developing a product and testing the product to identify the viability of the products to launch the product successfully (Leonard, 1992). The various stages of new product development are Idea Generation Idea Screening Concept development and testing Business Analysis Market Testing Technical Implementation Commercialization New Product Pricing [Source www.npd.com] Idea Generation Idea generation is the regular activity of the research and development wing of the company to collect customer feedback and latent need of the customer and evaluate them to identify the viability of the idea (Rochford, Rudelius, 1997). The other tool used is the SWOT Analysis and Opportunity analysis and brainstorming with employees, sales team, trade shows and focus group. Idea Screening The object of idea screening is to evaluate the unviable concepts so that it can be eliminated before proceeding further so that resources of the company are not wasted in developing a wrong idea. It involves questions like Will the Customer in the target market accept the product? What is the size and growth potential of the market? Will the new product development increase the profit of the company? Is it technically feasible to produce the product? Concept development and testing This is third stage of NPD that imvolve the consumers and takes the feedback about the proposed product so that it can be rectified before the actual launch of the product. It helps in adding customer feedback in improving the product for better acceptance. Business Analysis It deals with market size, product positioning and sales, market share and profit margin of the product. It also designs the marketing mix and marketing budget strategy for the new product. Market testing This is related with launching the actual product in certain selected market to understand the actual performance based on the proposed marketing plan (Ernst, Hoyer, Rbsaamen, 2010). The trade show is explored for testing the product by most of the company. Technical implementation This is concerned with the resource estimation, publishing technical communication related with the product, operational planning and department scheduling and supplier and supply chain planning and developing a contingency plan. Commercialization This is related with the product launch supported by external communication and planning the distribution channel and evaluating the critical path. New product pricing This dealt in the marketing mix of the company that follows. Kelloggs marketing mix The company Kellogg is the leading producer of cereal products and convenience foods related with cereals, toaster pastries, biscuits, bars, crisps and fruit flavored snacks with popular brands like Corn flakes, Nutri-Grain and Rice Krispies and company is concerned about the brand image and develop products that can maximize the shareholders value and satisfy the customers (Borden, 1964). In this process of new product development the company evaluates the marketing mix that explains the 4Ps Products Price Place Promotion Product This evaluates the features and benefit of the product in fulfilling the needs and wants of the customers. The growing concern of customers for healthy foods and healthier lifestyles provides huge scope for Kellogg to develop new products to satisfy these growing needs of customers. The product Special K is developed to meet this. [Source: www.killoggproduct.com] Special K The product Special K is a multi grain flake that has ingredients like rice, wheat and 6 essential vitamin B, C, D and Iron and less that 3% fat. It is developed with 10 different flavors in three different forms namely breakfast cereals, sweet snacks and savoury crisps (Kelloggs.co.uk). It combines delicious taste with good health. Price The second crucial factor that determines the success of the new products in the market is the pricing strategy (Van et al., 1992). Kellogg is perceived by the customer as a great brand with quality products that helps the company to design a premium pricing for the product Special K. Place The place plays a major role in making the product a success in the market. If the consumer product is not available in the place where customers go for purchasing the products like Supermarkets and malls then it will be a lost opportunity for the company. The company ensures the new product Special K is made available in various retail outlet across UK. Promotion The information about the new product has to reach the target customers to make the product a success (Yoo et al., 2000). The company explores the external communication with the ATL and BTL advertisements in Television, on-pack promotion and personal selling. Product Life cycle Every new product developed by the company has to follow the life cycle of the product that signifies four stages namely introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The marketing manager has to take strategic decision to make rigt change to the core products by evaluating the the position of the product in the life cycle (Hayes Wheelwright,1979). The product special K developed by the company fulfills the current need of the customer in the food and snacks space and the company identified scope to expand the life of the product by revitalizing the product with additional advertisement to extend the growth phase and delay the maturity phase. After designing the marketing mix and evaluating the product life cycle of the new product Special K the company designs the STP (Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning). STP for Kellogg New Product The STP is a strategic project management tool explored by the company to identity the right segment for the company to launch the product and target the customer to sell the product. It further enhances the market share in the target segment with right positioning of the product (Moskowitz Hartmann, 2008). In the current project Kellogg needs to identify the market for its product special K that is launched in 10 different flavors in three different forms namely breakfast cereals, sweet snacks and savoury crisps. The three component of STP are explained below: Segmentation Targeting Positioning Segmentation This is project management tool that helps the marketing manager to divide the customers into groups based on demography, geography and other characteristics factors that can be the potential customer for the new products of the company (Deisingh Badrie, 2005). The market segmentation helps the promotional strategy to more focused and reach the target customer in the choosen segment with single message. It comprises of two fold activity namely Identifying and dividing customers into homogenous groups know as segments. Deciding the right segment to target for the new products of the company. In case of Kellogg the new product is Special K that is healthy breakfast cereal that can be need of the health conscious customers who prefer healthy breakfast in the morning. The benefits of segmentation are gaining competitive advantage with proper communication strategy highlighting the product differentiation strategy. It is not only an effective strategy to distinguish the product Special K from competitors but also helps in making one product stand out from others. Targeting (Target Market) After the segmentation is executed the next step is identifying the target market from the defined segment to market the product. The company can either market the product to the entire market segment or select one or more target market based on the financial capacity and features and benefit of the products (Deisingh Badrie, 2005). The current product of Kellogg Special K is breakfast product that can fulfill the need of customers wanting to have a healthy breakfast every morning. Therefore the target market for the product is based on lifestyle and age factor. It is basically customers who practice healthy lifestyle and comprise the age group of 18 to 35. The company will now market the product to this target segment. Positioning This is last component of the STP strategy that deals with the positioning of the product to capture the target market successfully and reaching the maximum customers. Reflective Statement I got an opportunity to gain an in-depth understanding of the business strategy and the project management tool used by Kellogg by doing this project. I observed the company developed the new product with help of the new product development (NPD) strategy that explained the seven stages namely idea generation, idea screening, concept development and testing, business analysis, market testing, technical implementation, commercialization and new product pricing. The company further used the marketing tool of marketing mix that highlighted the product, price, place and promotion strategy that was used. I found the marketing mix helped the company to reach the customers identified with the help of the STP (Segmentation, targeting and positioning) for the new product Special K that is cereal for breakfast providing healthy life style. I observed that the NPD strategy had helped the company to identify the need for developing a product that fulfills the taste bud and health need of the customers who want to have a healthy breakfast. I found it interesting how the company priced and promoted this product and made it available at the right place like super markets and malls where the customer search for such products. Similarly the promotional and communication exploring the ICT (Information and communication technology) of electronic and ecommerce media to reach the target customer was something I got fascinated with. It effectively used the ATL (above the line) and BTL (below the line) advertising in the television, health magazine and sampling and on-pack. I found developing of the marketing budget another interesting part of the learning from this project. It was numeracy that started with the development of the idea involving a number of brainstorming decision and RD conducting product survey, customer survey an d need analysis and designing and developing the product that was all part of the production and product development budget. Once the product reached the test market stage the marketing expenditure started with awareness campaigning for the new product. It was followed by the product information that explained the product features and product benefits to the target customer both in the ATL and BTL advertisement. I found the company need not stop with advertisement alone but it participated in many trade shows and events to promote the product Special K and reach the customers. I found the company well utilized the marketing budget in various external communication like advertisement, promotion and events to create the hype in the market for the product to give the right launch. My personal learning enhanced with the execution of this project that helped to improve my communication in the course of the project and helped me to understand the numeracy and use the ICT in evaluating data related with the project. It also helped to enhance my problem solving skill in the process of executing the project based on the learning and how the project management team handled various issues in the process of launching the product. References Borden, N. H. (1964). The concept of the marketing mix.Journal of advertising research,4(2), 2-7. Deisingh, A. K., Badrie, N. (2005). Detection approaches for genetically modified organisms in foods.Food Research International,38(6), 639-649. Ernst, H., Hoyer, W. D., Rbsaamen, C. (2010). Sales, marketing, and research-and-development cooperation across new product development stages: implications for success.Journal of Marketing,74(5), 80-92. Hayes, R. H., Wheelwright, S. C. (1979). Link manufacturing process and product life cycles.Harvard business review,57(1), 133-140. Kelloggs.co.uk,. 'Kellogg's UK|Breakfast Cereals, Healthy Recipes And Snacks'. N.p., 2015. Web. 20 Sept. 2013. Leonard Barton, D. (1992). Core capabilities and core rigidities: a paradox in managing new product development.Strategic management journal,13(S1), 111-125. Moskowitz, H., Hartmann, J. (2008). Consumer research: creating a solid base for innovative strategies.Trends in Food Science Technology,19(11), 581-589. Rochford, L., Rudelius, W. (1997). New product development process: stages and successes in the medical products industry.Industrial marketing management,26(1), 67-84. Van Waterschoot, W., Van den Bulte, C. (1992). The 4P classification of the marketing mix revisited.The Journal of Marketing, 83-93. Yoo, B., Donthu, N., Lee, S. (2000). An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity.Journal of the academy of marketing science,28(2), 195-211.

Othello - Character Analysis Essays (1201 words) - Othello

Othello - Character Analysis Othello - Character Analysis In the play Othello, the character of Othello has certain traits which make him seem naive and unsophisticated compared to many other people. This is why Iago, to get his just rewards uses him as a scapegoat. Iago told Roderigo, " O,sir, content you. I follow him [Othello] to serve my turn upon him "(I, i lines 38-9). Iago is saying, he only follows Othello to a point, and upon reaching it he will not follow him any longer. Iago has opened my eyes to see the real meaning of deceit. No matter what, Iago will try to take advantage of Othello any time and he will be easily lead to believe the lies of Iago. The Moor, as many Venetians call him, is of strong character. He is very proud and in control of every move throughout the play. The control is not only of power but of the sense of his being who he is, a great warrior. In Act I, Othello has a scuffle with Brabantio, who has come to kill him, but before anything could happen Othello said, "Hold your hands, both of you of my inclining and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it without a prompter" (I, ii, lines 80-3). The power shown here is quite astounding. The nature of Othello's character is of a dark man. A dark man, not only because he is black, but also because his whole person is very mysterious. He is mysterious in that he believes there is magic brewing everywhere. With this dark side he is also very outgoing, and not very bright. He isn't observant and the schemes of Iago work well on him. Though he doesn't reflect too much on his past, except occasional ventures of wars fought, he does let his emotions run his life. For all the dangers and encounters he has been involved in, this man is still naive of the corruptness of other individuals. Othello has a trusting nature in which he gives it all. He put all his trust in Iago during times of war and during Othello's marriage to Desdemona. This wasn't very bright of Othello, even if he wasn't trusting or more corrupt he still wouldn't realize Iago was lying. Everyone considered Iago as honest, and would be out of character for Othello to believe any different. For example, Othello had told the Duke, "So please your grace, my ancient; A man he is of honesty and trust. To his conveyance I assign my wife, With what else needful your good grace shall think, To be sent after me" (I, iii, lines 284-8). The control over any situation is one Othello's strong characteristics. Through the whole first act you can picture a man so much power and natural leadership and when he changes you cannot believe it. For example, when Lodovico had witnessed Othello hit Desdemona, he said: "Is this the noble Moor whom our full Senate Call all in all sufficient? Is this the nature Whom passion could not shake? whose solid virtue The shot of accident nor dart of chance could neither graze nor pierce" (IV, i, lines 264-8)? While Iago, being the honest man he is, answers: "He's that he is, I may not breathe my censure. What he might be (if, what he might, he is not) I would to heaven he were" (IV, i, lines 270-2). Another place where Shakespeare shows Othello taking control over a situation is when Cassio and Montano are fighting after Roderigo antagonized him. These words Othello said are important now, but they will be more important later when he is alone with Desdemona in their bedroom. He will say: "Now, by heaven, My blood begins my safer guides to rule, And passion, having my best judgement collied, Assays to lead the way. If I once stir Or do but lift this arm, the best of you Shall sink in my rebuke" (II, iii, lines 203-8). You must feel sorrow for Othello because with all the power he has and the endless trust he gives, you try to reach out and show him the truth. By having his ancient or friend, Honest Iago bring him the news of his wife's bad habits. Othello had no alternative but to believe him. If any man was brought news of this type they would surely go off the deep end. Iago not only told him but he told him in a way that it was hard not to believe. He didn't tell a couple who have been married for years,

School Uniforms Essay Example

School Uniforms Essay Example School Uniforms Essay School Uniforms Essay Margaret Evans Ms. Deidra Powell-Williams English 155 November 15, 2011 Essay Two: Taking-A-Stand Essay Topic: School Uniforms I. All public and private schools must wear uniforms to promote unity in all the students’ appearance. II. Introduction: Unity in having everyone dressing the same. a. Removing parent’s rights to decide what students wear to school. b. Discourage bullying c. Not taking for granted freedom of dress and dressing appropriately for school when you have â€Å"free† dress. d. Explanatory overview on school uniforms and having to wear a uniform throughout my education and the benefits of wearing uniforms. III. Pros for School Uniforms from citation web article regarding School Uniforms Pros and Cons – Libertarian Logic a. Encourage positive behavior b. Self-image is also affected positively when wearing a uniform c. Gangs at school can’t show their â€Å"colors† d. Household income doesn’t become visible issue with school uniforms; the focus is on the person, not what they are wearing e. Personal experience with uniforms from Elementary school to High School, graduating from Saint Francis High School and how it impacted me. IV. Rebuttal for Con’s in school uniforms and response a. Con: Not having freedom of expression. A: When students have â€Å"free dress† they will not take it for granted and dress appropriately for school. b. Con: The idea of uniforms doesn’t match well with the real world that children will eventually be part of. A: Wearing a uniform will prepare you for the real world because it will encourage discretion in a workplace and not showing up to work in your pajama’s from having too much freedom of expression in school. c. Con: Parent’s have the right to choose where the students can wear uniforms or not as long they are paying. A: This puts the accountability back on the parents to watch what the students are wearing and if it is deemed appropriate. The constant dispute of what a student feels is appropriate to wear verses the parent. VI. Conclusion:Bring unity into the schools with uniforms removes many peer-pressures, fear in going to school due to â€Å"colors† or bullying because of what they are wearing. Helping them in having a better positive attitude and motivation to succeed in school. a. Better chance in continuing to College. b. Confidence in dress attire when working in a work environment c. Not feeling that the students have freedom of expression. d. Taking away the freedom to the parents to choose between free dress and uniform.

Cause and effect of smoking during pregnancy Essay

Cause and effect of smoking during pregnancy - Essay Example Research studies carried out recently show that the child of a smoking mother is almost doubly at risk in contacting very serious respiratory tract diseases in its early stages of life and usually leads to hospitalization. Another major cause for this is that many societies are well known for their high rate of smoking and even since the 1800’s, people are quite aware of the fatal effects it has on health. But in the 19th century, the correlation between maternal smoking and the rate of LRI (Lower Respiratory Infection) was determined. A clinical research was carried out to determine the effect or impact that parental smoking had on children who were constantly exposed to it, and the Odds Ratio was calculated, based on the LRI, for hospitalization. The risk calculated was age related and the OR’s of prevalence of serious LRI were 1.71 (95% CI, 1.33-2.20) and 1.25 (95% CI, 0.88- 1.78) for children aged 0.2 years and 3 to 6 years respectively. (Li JS, Peat JK, Xuan W, Berry G, 1999) Other studies have shown a link between maternal smoking and a high incidence of respiratory problems including impaired lung infections. Some studies have shown harmful effects of placenta - borne exposure at the time of pregnancy including breast milk, as well as air- borne exposure right after delivery. More recent evidence, of the effect of smoking mothers on their off spring, shows that immunity plays a major role in determining this, proving to be an important mechanism. Another cause for children inflicted with wheezing and other respiratory problems was due to dust mites found in the homes of smoking mothers. According to a study undertaken by Noakes, he suggests that â€Å"Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neo-natal toll- like- receptor mediated immune responses†. (P.S Noakes, Eur. Respir. Journal, 2006) Another major factor that contributed to an adverse effect on pregnant smoking mothers was the lack of social support render during

Diversity's impact on Society Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diversity's impact on Society - Term Paper Example This implies the different composition that makes up society. That is the cultural, ethnic, racial, and religious differences. However, in the U.S. context, the term diversity will be used to mean the racial and ethnic composition that makes up the country. This paper will describe the diversity and inclusion concepts in the context of U.S. and global society and culture. The paper will mainly focus on African-Americans and the Spanish-Americans in terms of their cultural diversity. It will also discuss how the two diverse cultures and the events contributed to the US society and culture by describing their origins and contribution to the development of the U.S, and how the events that they experienced led to their inclusion into the US society by 1870s (Graen, 2003). The world is a diverse society made of different cultures, ethnic, religious, racial and languages. This is eminent in all parts of the world be it Africa, Asia, America or Europe. The diversity exists mainly due to the different characteristics, beliefs, and religious affiliations. For instance, Muslims poses certain beliefs that are very different from those of their Christian counterparts. Different people are also different in their own way due to their ethnic and cultural background, while in some societies, diversity exists because of racial difference ((Essed, 1996). The U.S. is one country that is highly rich in diverse cultures. It is imperative to state that diversity in the context of the U.S. mainly refers to the racial and ethnic diversity. The U.S. Census Bureau statistics for 2000 reveals that the population of ethnic and minority cultures in the U.S. accounted for over 30% of the U.S. population (Graen, 2003). This translates to more than 100 million diverse racial and ethnic groups. Richard Rodriquez attributes this high number to the high rate of immigration, which began a long time ago

Renewable Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renewable Energy - Essay Example Hydropower has a significant role to play in the advancement of renewable energy around the globe, with a majority of nations relying on it to some extent in the generation of energy (Kaygusuz, 2009). This energy source is environment friendly and produces negligible greenhouse gases. In addition, a system is striking in its cost-effectiveness since it converts 95% of energy inherent in the moving water into electric energy. Compared to sources like fossil fuels, which produce 60% efficiency, the potential for hydroelectric power is enormous. Hydropower was first used by ancient generations for the driving of wheels to make work easier. Over generations, the energy source evolved and was finally utilized for the generation of electricity, with authorities being struck by its renewable nature. The energy source only utilized the flowing water’s energy to produce electricity without decimating the water supply. This was especially significance since the water sources were the lifeline of the populations living along them and down-stream to them (Kaygusuz, 2009). Its development was aided by human’s need to find an energy source that was not decimated over time. Most energy sources at the time were used in large quantities that were obviously not sustainable in the occurrence that technology either remained on its course, or increased to require more energy. The greenhouse gas emitting nature of fossil fuels is the other factor that greatly affected the development of this source. Hydropower showed excellent po tential in the cutting of these gases (Kaygusuz, 2009). Hydropower has come a long way to provide one fifth of the world’s power requirements (Kaygusuz, 2009). These projects were started in rural areas since estimates showed that the world’s rural population would grow by 95%. The highest demand was also forecasted to come from developing countries, which have been highly receptive of the energy. This was driven by the fact that the energy source was not liable to market fluctuations. Most governmental authorities around the world have turned to this energy source due to its combination of water management and its renewable nature. 2. Biomass Use as a Transitional Strategy for a Sustainable and Clean Energy System The greatest factor that made biogas desirable was its contribution to development that was desirable. Its attractiveness was further enhanced by low cost for conversion of resources into usable energy, as well as the availability of the resources, which was local. This made the energy source secure, thus desirable (Kaygusuz & Keles, 2009). Its usefulness in rehabilitation of degraded land via the use of exhausted resources as manure also led to most governmental

General Strain Theory (GST) Application to Rehabilitation

General Strain Theory (GST) Application to Rehabilitation Abstract   A staggering number of African-Americans are incarcerated for a variety of criminal offences. Without having to review criminal statistics, African-Americans appear to lack the ability to adapt and/or become productive members of society compared to other races incarcerated. This is more than a stereotype and coincidence, other countries besides the United States have documented this phenomenon. Applying Agnews (1992) General Strain Theory (GST) to the emotional and social psychological development of African-Americans, society may better understand the motive, causation, and circumstances of crime pertaining to the African-American criminal thought process. I hypothesize this thought process to be a psychological condition requiring identification and intervention by the criminal justice system and correctional facilities. Investigation started by analyzing strains upon the African-American culture detailing afterwards the treatment of mentally ill African-American inmates as observ ed by the General Strain Theory and current physiological testing. A variety of social programs is available with positive interpersonal exposure and rebuilding of social skills/mindset, rehabilitating inmates to recognize, understand, and cope with strain. General Strain Theory and Rehabilitation of Mentally Ill African-American Inmates A staggering number of African-Americans are incarcerated for a variety of criminal offences. Without having to review criminal statistics, African-Americans appear to lack the ability to adapt and/or become productive members of society compared to other races incarcerated. This is more than a stereotype and coincidence, other countries besides the United States have documented this phenomenon. Applying Agnews (1992) General Strain Theory (GST) to the emotional and social psychological development of African-Americans, society may better understand the motive, causation, and circumstances of crime pertaining to the African-American criminal thought process. I hypothesize this thought process to be a psychological condition requiring identification and intervention by the criminal justice system and correctional facilities. Investigation started by analyzing strains upon the African-American culture detailing afterwards the treatment of mentally ill African-American inmates as observed by the General Strain Theory and current physiological testing. A variety of social programs is available with positive interpersonal exposure and rebuilding of social skills/mindset, rehabilitating inmates to recognize, understand, and cope with strain. Literature Review Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew (2008) produced an informative article that applied Agnews General Strain Theory to analyzing the motivational processes of African-Americans, beyond age, sex, or community, which leads them to criminal activity. This article evaluated the lives of African-Americans in totality and hypothesized a lack of coping mechanisms and outlets for daily and unrelenting stresses or strains. A considerable amount of statistical information contained herein was gathered from various web sites and journals. The U.S. Department of Justice (2006, 2007) and the U.S. Department of Labor (2008) collected facts pertaining to crimes and the races in which they occurred within. While Elliott Voss (1974), Williams Gold (1972) did not find significant racial crime connections, Kelley, Huizinga, Thornberry, Loeber (1997) with Snyder Sickmund (2006) showed juveniles were prone to violence. Broadhurst and Tonry (1997) with Doone (2000) confirmed that other countries besides the United States experienced elevated criminal and correctional issues with indigenous populations of African-American decent. African-American plight can be traced back to mid-19th century by Du Bois (1899, 1904), Hawkins (1995). Without the contributions of Hirschi (1969), Akers (1998), (Cohen Felson, 1979) and others, theories such as the lifestyle theory, Walters (2005, 2007) Criminal Thinking Styles, and Dolls Ajzens (1992) theory of Planned Behavior, a comparative analysis would be incomplete. Credit must also go to Scobbie, Wyke, Dixon, (2009), Birgden (2004), Fallot (2001), Condelli, Bradigan, Holanchock, (1997) for contributing their knowledge and research utilized in this report exploring mentally illnesses. Criminal Statistics African-Americans have excessively represented a majority of the criminals in the U.S. since the mid-19th century (Du Bois, 1899, 1904; Hawkins, 1995). In 2006, the U.S. population was comprised of approximately 13% African-Americans, however they accounted for 28% of all offence arrests, 39.3% of violent crimes, 56.3% of robberies, and 50.9% of homicides (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007). The U.S. Department of Justice (2006) reported that victims perceived 25.3% of singular criminals and 33.9% of criminals in multiple offender victimizations to be African-American according to the most recent statistics from the National Crime Victimization Survey. In robberies, offenders were perceived as African-American 47.7% of the time and 22% of the time with assaults (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). Disregarding the fact of perceived or speculative information obtained under the high stress of a criminal act by a victim, victimization data continued to parallel current arrest data. Early self-reports did not convey significant findings between race and crime (Elliott Voss, 1974; Williams Gold, 1972), but recent reports show youths prone to violence (Kelley, Huizinga, Thornberry, Loeber, 1997; Snyder Sickmund, 2006). Canada, New Zealand, and Australia also report abnormally high offenders from indigenous populations and African-Americans decent (Broadhurst, Tonry, 1997; Doone, 2000). Accounting for bias and discrimination, the overwhelming statistics of African-Americans to other races incarcerated do not coincide. General Strain Theory The GST offers an exemplary causation explanation of social and environmental factors contributing to African-American delinquency. The GST examines disproportional stressors/strains upon African-Americans as causations of criminal behavior whereas similar theories only provide for negative sociological (Hirschi, 1969) or poor acquaintance associations (Akers, 1998). Typically, hypotheses focus upon one factor as the causation of delinquency, the GST accounts for multiple strains upon an individual to explain criminal behavior. A broad range of strains, according to Agnew (1992), can occur from failures or removal from positive outcomes, or the anticipation of negative stimuli, could possibly result in a criminal action to pacify the emotional trigger. Recent empirical testing showed strain and anger influencing violence (Agnew, 2006; Mazerolle Piquero, 1997; Mazerolle, Burton, Cullen, Evans Payne, 2000). African-American may experience higher levels of strain compared to other races, but it does inevitably conclude in crime. Variables such as coping skills, social support, and mental conditioning of an individual allow for escape from and defusing strain. Individuals whom possess exemplary social control (Hirschi, 1969) or whom do not associate with delinquent social circles (Akers, 1998) will be less likely to utilize criminal activity to cope with strain. Predominate Strains Agnew (2001) recently clarified strain is most conducive to crime when it was viewed as unjust e.g. excessive discipline, criminal victimization, and unpredictable parental supervision, particularly when combined with economic, educational, criminal, and discriminatory strains. These types of strains create the conditions for coping to occur through criminal activity. Economic strains are prevalent amongst African-American communities with African-Americans likely to be of lower class income employed in the secondary labor market or unemployed (Conley, 2000; DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, Smith, 2007; Gittleman Wolff, 2004; Sullivan, 1998; U.S. Department of Labor, 2008). Robbery is the highest crime disproportionally observed among the African-American culture (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006, 2007) and possibly explains the situational need for supplemental income. Economic strain can be potentially interrupted as unjust, blamable upon society, and other external factors beyond an individuals control, contributing to the continued plight of the African-American culture. Family, educational, criminal, victimization, discrimination, and community strains rank amongst the top stressors of the African-American culture next to economic strain. These strains are so prevalent in occurrence it is understandable and reasonable to conclude there is little escape or relief from these strains. Family strain is contributed to residency in impoverish areas, economics, secondary labor employment, and diminished family bonds contribute to the probability of poor parenting practices e.g. inappropriate/inconsistent discipline (Agnew et al., 2000; Patterson Fergatch, 1990; Patterson, Reid, Dishion, 1992). This breakdown can contribute to diminished parental bonds with children with juvenile delinquency becoming the strain relief mechanism (Agnew et al, 2000; McLoyd, 1990; Patterson, 1982). U.S. school systems contain a percentage of educators with low expectations of lower class student success (Cooper Moore, 1995) with the placement of students, according to race, in lower educational programs without consideration of the individuals academic ability (Irvine York, 1993). This is a considerable strain upon developing African-American youths. Low rate educational programs alone effectively lessen mental development. These educational programs contain inferior curricula (Epps, 1995; Oakes, 1985). Associated/resulting from substandard educational practices of African-Americans are poor grades, unfair discipline, and poor/negative interpersonal relations with educators and students contributing to strain. These strains are observable with white students attending minority-segregated schools as their academic scores reflect substandard grades compared to white students in predominately-white schools (Bankston III Caldas, 1996). Criminal victimization pertains to crimes committed against African-Americans as compared to other races. Victimization amongst African-American compared to whites was 37.3% higher (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006) with 49.5% accounting for murder and non-negligent manslaughter (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007) of which 58% of murders occur before the age of 30 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). African-American children between the ages of 12-19 experienced violent crimes such as murder, rape, or robbery, 48% higher than white children of the same age (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). The burglary rate of African-American households was 22.4% higher than whites (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). Regardless of location, inner city or suburbia, the levels of victimization are consistent among African-Americans (Logan Stults, 1999). Discrimination is a strong negative that African-Americans experience frequently compared to whites and on many levels such as buying a house, car, seeking employment, education, or walking down the street (Ayres Siegelman, 1995; Farrell Jones, 1988; Feagin, 1991; Forman et. al., 1997; Kirschenman Neckerman, 1991; Yinger, 1995). African-Americans reported discrimination 34% greater than whites with 70% of African-Americans discriminated against at least once in their lifetime (Forman, Williams, Jackson, 1997). Discrimination may be the most conductive of strains eliciting negative emotions and crime-provoking behavior (Agnew, 2001). Homicide rates, at the micro level, were related to discrimination (Messner, 1989) with high rates of crime amongst African-Americans in racially segregated locales (Messner South, 1986; Shihadeh Flynn, 1996). At the micro level, positive associations existed between discrimination and juvenile delinquency (Simons et al., 2003). Negative experiences with law enforcement officers include discrimination (Miller, 1996), with frequent contact in high crime locals with unfavorable experiences (Parker, Onyekwuluje, and Murty, 1995). African-Americans were shot and killed more often by police officers compared to whites (Walker, Spohn, DeLone, 2000). While this fact showed negatively upon police officers, it also showed the high frequency in which African-Americans have extreme negative contacts with police officers. General Strain Theory and the Mentally Ill The Encyclopedia Britannica (2010) defines a mental disorder as, anyillnesswith significant psychological or behavioral manifestations that is associated with either a painful or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. Disregarding recognizable mental illnesses such as schizophrenia; cannot a majority of the African-Americans incarcerated be classified as having a mental illness? African-Americans, over years of mental strain, may suffer from and require support rebuilding and coping skills with coping resources and social support (Agnew, 1992). Problem solving competences with self-esteem and self-efficacy guidance may help to reduce and recover from the effects of strain (Agnew, 1992). Utilization of tests such as the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (Walters, 2005) or the Theory of Planned Behavior (Doll Ajzen, 1992) may help in determining emotional distress, worldview, and criminal thinking methods of African-Americans. The state of New York utilized the Wilcoxon test to assess psychological changes (Ward, Bradigan, Holanchock, 1997) finding intermediate care programs containing professionals such as clinical psychologists, social workers, and occupational/recreational therapists served to avoid hospitalizing inmates via therapy (e.g. group recreational therapy, skill training, educational/vocational instruction, and crisis intervention). Religious recovery described by Fallot (2001) utilized spirituality as a potentially positive role in psychiatric rehabilitation. Scobbie, Wyke, and Dixon (2009) reviewed goal-setting theories to identify those that offer the best potential results in clinical practice. Scobbie, Wyke, and Dixon (2009) concluded five main theories of social cognitive theory, goal setting theory, health action process approach, proactive coping theory, and self-regulatory model of illness behavior showed results in patient outcomes. These theories can overlap and intertwine to help identify issues and aid in rehabilitation. The common theme pertaining to rehabilitation of inmates, mentally ill or not, starts with recognizing a mental illness. While prisons are for punishment, the treatment of psychological illnesses starts with recognition by the correctional facility or guards. Birgden (2004) stated the use of correctional staff is instrumental as potential therapeutic agents (p. 283) with rehabilitation programs depending upon correctional officers support. The chance to deter future criminal activity depends upon the criminals will to succeed with the guidance of councilors and therapy. Seriously mental ill inmates account for 8% to 20% of state prison inmates costing approximately $245 million with county estimates placed at approximately 7.2% to 15% with a cost of $58.4 million. Conservative overall estimate of approximately $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion went towards the care of inmates in the state of California in 1993-1994 (Izumi, Schiller, Hayward, 1996). The number and costs associated with the care of mentally ill inmates could be considerable lowered with the proper application of intermediate care programs to recognize and rehabilitate criminals. Conclusion Theorists typically suggest inadequate socialization as one of the overall causations of deviance behavior (Bandura, 1969). There are a number of theories psychologists consider when classifying and diagnosing mental illnesses e.g. psychodynamic theories, operant conditioning, moral development, and social learning theory. The rational choice theory states criminals make a conscious, rational, and at least partially (Schmalleger, 2006, p.118) while the lifestyle theory states criminal thinking is hierarchically organized and that certain features of an individuals general world view should correspond with specific criminal thinking styles (Walters, 2007, p. 184). The general choice theory utilizes many factors aforementioned, evaluating strain specifically upon the African-American culture. Care of African-American mental illness, while incarcerated, requires substantial emotional and possibly professional treatment and support. Correctional guards are the first step in recognizing and referring strained African-Americans requiring professional guidance, and to aid in the rehabilitation process with positive interactions and socializations. Realistically, lesser needs may go untreated due to priority inmates with severe psychiatric needs. Cases with lesser, treatable, mental conditions can go untreated (Olley, Nicholls, Brink, 2009). While severe patients take priority, the needs of lesser cases should be the primary focus of correctional facilities. The breaking of the criminal behavioral cycle is the focus of such rehabilitation programs. Currently there is no catchall racial explanation for the causation of crime or mental conditioning amongst African-American; Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew (2008) suggested the GST offered an additional and complementary explanation that highlights the importance of emotional and motivational social psychological processes (p. 432).

Is It A Chocolate Sale...Or A Chocolate War..?? Essay example -- Engli

Is It A Chocolate Sale...Or A Chocolate War..?? Chocolate "sale" or.....chocolate "war"? Although you describe this novel as being mainly based on simply the chocolate sale, the correct answer is more like the war of the chocolate sale. Already from the opening page of this exclusive book, where quarterback Jerry Renault is clobbered by a relentless defense, The Chocolate War is relentless in its portrayal of the vicious, sometimes violent world of high school. Through Jerry Renault, Robert Cormier who is the author of this book, thrusts us into the tormenting world of Trinity High, an all boys prep school. The Chocolate War isn’t all about the schoolwide chocolate sale Brother Leon presented to Trinity. The sale is part of the "war" going on through the school, but even before the sale was put out, problems already were occurring. The theme in their school was always "the students vs. the teachers". It then lowered down to "the Vigils vs. the teachers", particularly talking about Archie Castello, head and assigner of the Vigils, and Brother Leon, assistant headmaster of Trinity. These conflicts were already existing before the sale was given by Brother Leon. The characters are guided by peer pressures and the desire to please (or displease) their teachers. All of this is just a piece of the war at Trinity. The real chocolate war all started out just as Brother Leon announced and introduced the chocolate sale that all the students were supposed to participate in. Everyone was perfectly fine about the idea of the sale since it is held as one of the biggest fund-raisers all year to help the school. But once Leon changed around the expectations on the sale, conflicts around the school began to form. This year, Brother Leon wants the entire school to sell up to 20,000 boxes of chocolate, which means every single student is needed to sell 50 boxes each. Some of the students were excited and motivated to sell their set of chocolates, while some only sold them because they feared Brother Leon. Many of the students didn’t want to sell the chocolates, but they were all afraid of what Brother Leon might do if they weren’t involved in the fund-raiser. They all knew about the unexplained failures Leon gives out to the students in his class. The reasons of these F’s are usually something that is related to the sale. Archie Castel... ...ing match controlled by Archie. In order for him to get the chocolates sold, he needed to get money. Although Archie hates the sport boxing, and any other activities that involve violence, as smart as he was, he knew that all the students at Trinity would love it. Jerry Renault and Emile Janza were the two who were going to be the ones fighting in the match. Just about everyone in the school bought a raffle ticket, and the profit of the tickets was what Archie was planning to use to pay off the rest of the chocolates. This whole boxing match idea of Archie’s definitely doesn’t show much about the chocolate sale, but of its war. It showed the war against Brother Leon and Archie Castello. It showed the war against Leon and Jerry Renault, the war of Jerry vs. Emile Janza, and definitely the war of just the criticizing world of high school. The word "war" doesn’t always have to be a physical war, as in deaths or literally fighting. It can mean internal war, where not a single show of violence has to be involved. This whole novel, The Chocolate War, takes the reader into the underworld of Trinity, where justice is ruled by just one powerful concept...intimidation. Is It A Chocolate Sale...Or A Chocolate War..?? Essay example -- Engli Is It A Chocolate Sale...Or A Chocolate War..?? Chocolate "sale" or.....chocolate "war"? Although you describe this novel as being mainly based on simply the chocolate sale, the correct answer is more like the war of the chocolate sale. Already from the opening page of this exclusive book, where quarterback Jerry Renault is clobbered by a relentless defense, The Chocolate War is relentless in its portrayal of the vicious, sometimes violent world of high school. Through Jerry Renault, Robert Cormier who is the author of this book, thrusts us into the tormenting world of Trinity High, an all boys prep school. The Chocolate War isn’t all about the schoolwide chocolate sale Brother Leon presented to Trinity. The sale is part of the "war" going on through the school, but even before the sale was put out, problems already were occurring. The theme in their school was always "the students vs. the teachers". It then lowered down to "the Vigils vs. the teachers", particularly talking about Archie Castello, head and assigner of the Vigils, and Brother Leon, assistant headmaster of Trinity. These conflicts were already existing before the sale was given by Brother Leon. The characters are guided by peer pressures and the desire to please (or displease) their teachers. All of this is just a piece of the war at Trinity. The real chocolate war all started out just as Brother Leon announced and introduced the chocolate sale that all the students were supposed to participate in. Everyone was perfectly fine about the idea of the sale since it is held as one of the biggest fund-raisers all year to help the school. But once Leon changed around the expectations on the sale, conflicts around the school began to form. This year, Brother Leon wants the entire school to sell up to 20,000 boxes of chocolate, which means every single student is needed to sell 50 boxes each. Some of the students were excited and motivated to sell their set of chocolates, while some only sold them because they feared Brother Leon. Many of the students didn’t want to sell the chocolates, but they were all afraid of what Brother Leon might do if they weren’t involved in the fund-raiser. They all knew about the unexplained failures Leon gives out to the students in his class. The reasons of these F’s are usually something that is related to the sale. Archie Castel... ...ing match controlled by Archie. In order for him to get the chocolates sold, he needed to get money. Although Archie hates the sport boxing, and any other activities that involve violence, as smart as he was, he knew that all the students at Trinity would love it. Jerry Renault and Emile Janza were the two who were going to be the ones fighting in the match. Just about everyone in the school bought a raffle ticket, and the profit of the tickets was what Archie was planning to use to pay off the rest of the chocolates. This whole boxing match idea of Archie’s definitely doesn’t show much about the chocolate sale, but of its war. It showed the war against Brother Leon and Archie Castello. It showed the war against Leon and Jerry Renault, the war of Jerry vs. Emile Janza, and definitely the war of just the criticizing world of high school. The word "war" doesn’t always have to be a physical war, as in deaths or literally fighting. It can mean internal war, where not a single show of violence has to be involved. This whole novel, The Chocolate War, takes the reader into the underworld of Trinity, where justice is ruled by just one powerful concept...intimidation.

Advantages of Being Bilingual – Short Essay

Advantages of Being Bilingual Being able to speak two different languages is one of the best abilities to have in todays world. Especially living in the United States, which is such a diverse country, it really does come in handy. Benefits of being diverse in languages are that you have a greater change of getting that job that's extremely competitive, and you'll have a wider range of culturalism in your life. As someone who is bilingual, I can say that I have experienced certain advantages. Such as having a better ear for listening, and having a more positive growth for thinking.The workforce today as we know it is extremely competitive. Bilingual constestants have the automatically have the upperhand towards other competitors. Other contestants you may be dealing with for jobs range with people that contain different skills, and types of experience. For instance, if someone has a couple years on you of experience in a job that deals with tourism, than chances are they are looking f or people who can interact with more potential customers. Living in Orlando, Florida, one of the most popular places for tourism, being bilingual is a great advantage.There are job opportunities such as theme parks, and other tourist attractions that require bilingual employees. While switching on and off with your two languages, you are sure to have experienced much culturalism in your life. Opporunities arise such as making new friends, and even conversate with them on a wider range of topics. You have a certain bond with them, that you wouldn't normally have with someone who was limited to one language. Even visiting other countries who's main language isn't English can be more enjoyable. For instance, whenver I visit Puerto Rico, I have the opporunity to convert with locals and family.

Alexander Falconbridge essays

Alexander Falconbridge essays Alexander Falconbridge, The African Slave Trade(1788) Alexander Falconbridge was a surgeon on several of the slave ships that sailed from Africa to Europe. In this document Mr. Falconbridge describes the living conditions that the African people had to endure during the middle passage from Africa to Europe. What he describes is horrifying and yet insightful about the way the African people were treated and handled. His account of the horrors of the journey became very influential among the English abolitionists.# At some point later Mr. Falconbridge was named Governor of a colony of freed slaves in Sierra Leone, Africa. It was known by the slave traders that sometimes before the African people could reach the auctions, some of them would die from cruelty, lack of food, and a number of other things. The African people were bought at auctions that dealt with the selling of humans. The African people were bought by black slave traders in Africa. After they wee purchased they were taken to the slave ships in canoes. In these canoes they were made to lie down with their hands tied and were kept a close eye on. The food portions that the African people were given were so small that that it was barely enough to keep a person alive. In these canoes, the people were exposed to the rain, and lying at the bottom of canoes( which leak), the African people were hardly ever dry. After the African people reached the slave ships they were divided up. The men were placed in one room and fastened together two by two, with handcuffs on their wrists and irons riveted to their legs. The men were then sent below decks to a room partitioned off for them. The women were sent to a separate room, however they were not handcuffed together. The boy children were sent to a different room on the same deck essentially giving the men, women , and boys their own apartments. However, the living quarters were so tight that a person could only lie on his/he...

Discovery of the Higgs Field Behind the God Particle

Discovery of the Higgs Field Behind the God Particle The Higgs field is the theoretical field of energy that permeates the universe, according to the theory put forth in 1964 by Scottish theoretical physicist Peter Higgs. Higgs suggested the field as a possible explanation for how the fundamental particles of the universe came to have mass, because in the 1960s the Standard Model of quantum physics actually couldnt explain the reason for mass itself. He proposed that this field existed throughout all of space and that particles gained their mass by interacting with it. Discovery of the Higgs Field Though there was initially no experimental confirmation for the theory, over time it came to be seen as the only explanation for mass that was widely viewed as consistent with the rest of the Standard Model. As strange as it seemed, the Higgs mechanism (as the Higgs field was sometimes called) was generally accepted widely among physicists, along with the rest of the Standard Model. One consequence of the theory was that the Higgs field could manifest as a particle, much in the way that other fields in quantum physics manifest as particles. This particle is called the Higgs boson. Detecting the Higgs boson became a major goal of experimental physics, but the problem is that the theory didnt actually predict the mass of the Higgs boson. If you caused particle collisions in a particle accelerator with enough energy, the Higgs boson should manifest, but without knowing the mass that they were looking for, physicists werent sure how much energy would need to go into the collisions. One of the driving hopes was that the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) would have sufficient energy to generate Higgs bosons experimentally since it was more powerful than any other particle accelerators that had been built before. On July 4, 2012, physicists from the LHC announced that they found experimental results consistent with the Higgs boson, though further observations are needed to confirm this and to determine the various physical properties of the Higgs boson. The evidence in support of this has grown, to the extent that the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Peter Higgs and Francois Englert. As physicists determine the properties of the Higgs boson, it will help them more fully understand the physical properties of the Higgs field itself. Brian Greene on the Higgs Field One of the best explanations of the Higgs field is this one from Brian Greene, presented on the July 9 episode of PBS Charlie Rose Show, when he appeared on the program with experimental physicist Michael Tufts to discuss the announced discovery of the Higgs boson: Mass is the resistance an object offers to having its speed changed. You take a baseball. When you throw it, your arm feels resistance. A shotput, you feel that resistance. The same way for particles. Where does the resistance come from? And the theory was put forward that perhaps space was filled with an invisible stuff, an invisible molasses-like stuff, and when the particles try to move through the molasses, they feel a resistance, a stickiness. Its that stickiness which is where their mass comes from. ... That creates the mass.... ... its an elusive invisible stuff. You dont see it. You have to find some way to access it. And the proposal, which now seems to bear fruit, is if you slam protons together, other particles, at very, very high speeds, which is what happens at the Large Hadron Collider... you slam the particles together at very high speeds, you can sometimes jiggle the molasses and sometimes flick out a little speck of the molasses, which would be a Higgs particle. So people have looked for that little speck of a particle and now it looks like its been found. The Future of the Higgs Field If the results from the LHC pan out, then as we determine the nature of the Higgs field, well get a more complete picture of how quantum physics manifests in our universe. Specifically, well gain a better understanding of mass, which may, in turn, give us a better understanding of gravity. Currently, the Standard Model of quantum physics does not account for gravity (though it fully explains the other ​fundamental forces of physics). This experimental guidance may help theoretical physicists hone in on a theory of quantum gravity that applies to our universe. It may even help physicists understand the mysterious matter in our universe, called dark matter, that cannot be observed except through gravitational influence. Or, potentially, a greater understanding of the Higgs field may provide some insights into the repulsive gravity demonstrated by the dark energy that seems to permeate our observable universe.

Explain dualism, materialism, and Idealism. Which is preferable and Essay

Explain dualism, materialism, and Idealism. Which is preferable and why - Essay Example nly measure of reality by disregarding other possible dimensions such as the mental, cultural, or spiritual as it is only material things that constitute the entirety of the universe including all other phenomena. This theory is alternatively termed as eliminative materialism because it disregards all the other possible mental states as probably inherently wrong and non-existent (Ramsey, 2013). 3. Idealism – this philosophy is basically the exact opposite of materialism by claiming that all forms of observed phenomena (or reality itself) are primarily ideal or mental in form only (as mental constructs and therefore immaterial by its very nature). It rejects materialism by and other forms of philosophical thought by saying all human experiences are mental in nature and the entire universal human existence is just like one giant â€Å"mental thought† and ultimate reality is nothing but just images or representations of what people observed (McQuillan, 2014). Dualism is a better philosophy because it more or less is consonant with what people are observing and experiencing in terms of their earthly human existence. In other words, there is a duality in human existence which is the physical or material world and then another dimension of a spiritual nature because the mind-body interactions are very real indeed (Kelly,

The Economic in Taiwan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Economic in Taiwan - Essay Example As a result, even in the best case scenario, economic growth in the region will suffer into the second half of 2003. The rising impact of SARS (in line with a rising number of cases) on private consumption, coupled with a lower than expected rise in GDP growth in the first quarter of 2003, has led us to reduce our forecast for economic growth in 2003 as a whole from 3.7% to 3.2%. A stronger recovery in both domestic and external demand will result in GDP growth of 5.4% in 2004. Taiwan is unlikely to face significant inflationary pressures until late 2003 as domestic demand remains sluggish and international inflationary trends continue to be benign. Entry to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in January 2002 has reduced imported inflation and will continue to put downward pressure on prices in the forecast period. Following the US-led war in Iraq, prices on international oil markets have eased. As a result, we expect the consumer price index to rise by an average rate of only 0.3% year on year in 2003. Stronger domestic and international demand for goods and services are expected to revive price pressures in 2004, lifting inflation to an annual average of 1.4%. We expect the CBC to allow the currency to remain weak, mainly in order to maintain the competitiveness of Taiwan's exports against those of Japan and South Korea. However, exports are unlikely to receive a major boost as a result, owing to general weakness in world demand, but the measure will help Taiwan producers to maintain market share. The CBC will allow the New Taiwan dollar to appreciate significantly only once there is sufficient evidence of a sustained recovery in GDP growth. Accordingly, in 2003 the currency will strengthen slightly in line with faster GDP growth late in the year, and as a result, average NT$34.79:US$1. Once the recovery in GDP growth gains momentum in 2004, the currency will appreciate further, to an annual average of NT$34.24:US$1 in 2004. The rate of growth in merchandise exports in US dollar terms has recovered since the second quarter of 2002. However, US demand-- the US is the destination for close to one-quarter of total exports--for Taiwan's exports has remained weak since the beginning of 2003. In addition, some of the year-on-year growth in exports during 2002 reflected base effects of comparison with 2001, when Taiwan's US dollar export earnings suffered double-digit declines. (Chu 79-104) The weak Taiwan dollar policy adopted by the CBC, mainly owing to the weakness of the Japanese yen, will not be enough to strengthen exports significantly. Nevertheless, exports to Asia, in particular China, will continue to provide some stimulus to the country's external sector. Imports have also been rising since mid- 2002. This trend is likely to be interrupted by fragile domestic demand (not helped by SARS) and the loss of momentum in export growth, although import growth is still expected to outpace export growth in 200 3-04. As a result, the